Paris n Haussmann ɣef uvilu n trisiti : sbeɛṭac n yiseggasen i d-yerṣmen tamdint

Sin isragen d uzgen ɣef yibulvaren imeqqranen, zdat n Opéra Garnier d yisayasen s telɣa n yitri, akken ad nefhem amek i yesɛa Paris, gar 1853 d 1870, udem-nni i ɣur-s ar ass-a. Tikli s umwanes deg ugraw amecṭuḥ, semmus n yemttekkiyen d afellay i yal amwanes, ɣef yivila n trisiti Tern. Tuffɣa d tuɣalin deg wemkan anda tzedɣem deg Paris. Tiqsiḍin ttwaḥkunt seg tzniqt, seg rrif n webrid, seg usarag neɣ seg tqenṭert : ssuma ur tesɛi ara deg-s akcam ɣer yimḍiqen imeqqranen, ur tesɛi tirza n daxel, ur tesɛi učči neɣ tissit.

Ssutret amkan Isallen ibaɣuren Wali ssumat

Gar 1853 d 1870, Napoléon III d baron Haussmann xiḍen Paris i tikkelt nniḍen deg sbeɛṭac n yiseggasen n uxeddim. Leḥsab i yeṭṭef Haussmann s yiman-is, i ɣef mazal ttmeslayen yimezrayen, yefka-d tesɛṭac n walfen d sebɛa meyya u tlatin n lebni i yettwahedmen, azal n settin n yikilumitren n yiberdan imaynuten i yettwaqeḍɛen deg lebni aqbur, azeṭṭa n lbalwat i yuɣalen seg wazal n meyya n yikilumitren deg 1850 ɣer qrib setta meyya, akked wazal n tmanin n walfen n ttjur i yettwaẓẓan. Ma d acḥal n yimezdaɣ i yettwasmuttin ɣer yidisan n beṛṛa n temdint, mazal fell-as timsizwar, nekni ur t-nesseḥsab ara s wuṭṭunen. Ayen i d-yeffɣen, nnumen-t medden armi ur t-ttwalin ara. Tikli-a i waya i d-tella s tidet : ad terr asuneɣ n temdint d ayen ara yettwaɣren daɣen, udem s wudem, amyagar s umyagar, alamma tamdint ur tettili ara d tugna kan, tuɣal d asenfaṛ, s tefranin-is, s wayen i teswa, akked wakal d yixxamen i yekksen i yimawlen-nsen.

Abrid s lekmal-is d azal n ṛbeɛṭac n yikilumitren, ula d ṛṛuḥ d tuɣalin ɣer wemkan anda tzedɣem, war asawen seg ubdu ar taggara : d akal i tessishil tallalt n trisiti. Nteddu seg umyagar n yiberdan ɣer wayeḍ war leɛtab, nbeddi ɣer iḍarren n yimḍiqen imeqqranen deg umkan n uɛeddi kan ɣer tama-nsen, nḥerz anfas i usmeḥses. Ttwaheggan sebɛa n yibeddiyen, seg Étoile ɣer place Vendôme, ma yeǧǧa-yaɣ usikel, ixeddimen deg yiberdan akked tiwtilin n tɣellist n wass-nni, s tikwal anda tmuɣli weḥd-s tekfa : avenue Foch d yiberdan-is n rrif ideg yella ttjur, asarag n Trocadéro zdat n tour Eiffel, rrif n wasif ɣer tsuffeɣt n pont de l'Alma. Teɣzi tuṣlibt n webrid ara yettwafernen ad awen-tt-id-nsentem s tira.

Tikli-a tewwi-d i wid iḥemmlen taɣessa n lebni d uɣawas n temdint, i yimezdaɣ n Paris i yebɣan ad fehmen ihi lebni ideg zedɣen, akked yinerzaf i d-yuɣalen ɣer Paris tikkelt tis snat. Ilaq ad tessnem ad tnehṛem avilu yerna ad tilim deg talwit deg usikel n Paris : abrid yettɛeddi ɣef tzniqin d yiberdan imeqqranen anda yettazzal usikel, s yimyagaren imeqqranen n yiberdan, s ṣṣfuf n ibisen d ttaksiyat, d wanda ilaq ad tzegrem abrid s leqrar. Deg tazwara, ad tennumem s uvilu yerna ad d-yili usmekti n tɣellist, leɛqel yettwaheyya ɣef ugraw.

Ssuma yettwamlen d 65 n yiyuruten i yal amdan s tebzert meṛṛa deg tikli yebḍan, d 80 n yiyuruten i yal amdan s tebzert meṛṛa deg tikli tuslig, avilu n trisiti d ukask deg-s. Tuttra-nwen mačči d aṭṭaf n umkan yeṭṭfen : ssuma taneggarut ad awen-tt-id-nsentem s tira uqbel ad yili lexlaṣ, akked wass d wemḍiq n temlilit. Semmus n yemttekkiyen d afellay i yal amwanes ; ma llan ugar n semmus n yemttekkiyen, nezmer ad neheggi agraw wis sin deg yiwen n wakud, s wakken ara nili nezmer ; ma yezmer ad yili d ssuma-s ad awen-d-nsentem s tira.

Deg ubrid

Paris n Haussmann ɣef uvilu n trisiti : sbeɛṭac n yiseggasen i d-yerṣmen tamdint

Ɣer yiri n place de l'Étoile

Napoléon i t-id-yessutren deg 1806, maca leqwas ur ifukk ur yeldi ara alamma d yulyu 1836 : agellid ameqqran ur yeẓri deg-s ala amedya n wesɣar d ukettan s teɣzi n tidet, i yesbedd Chalgrin deg wayyur i wakken ad d-tekcem Marie-Louise ass n 2 yebrir 1810, ass n zzwaǧ-nsen. Ma d iɣed-is, yeɛedda seddaw-as ass n 15 dujember 1840, mi d-yuɣal seg Sainte-Hélène. Nbeddi mebɛid i wemdewwar n webrid, deg ubrid n rrif neɣ ɣef rrif ameqqran n webrid : tigzirt n wammas ur ɣer-s nettaweḍ ala seg ubrid n ddaw tmurt i wid ileḥḥun s uḍar, i yettwagedlen i yivila, yerna tnac n yiberdan imeqqranen i d-yeffɣen deg yiwen n wemḍiq ur ttwazegren ara d agraw. Seg din, tikti n Haussmann tban-d s yiwet n tmuɣli : iberdan imeqqranen i yettfeǧǧiǧen seg yiwen n wemkan, yiwen n weɛlay n wudmawen, yiwen n usuneɣ i d-yettwafeṛḍen ɣef yimawlen meṛṛa.

Avenue Foch

Teldi deg 1854 s yisem n avenue de l'Impératrice, tehri meyya u ɛecrin n lmitrat, teɣzi-s tqerreb ɣer alef u tlata meyya. D nettat i d abrid ameqqran akk yehran deg Paris, tehra ugar n Champs-Élysées, yerna Haussmann yebɣa-tt akka mgal asenfaṛ amezwaru ideg ur telli ara ala tarrayt n sṭṭac n lmitrat. Iberdan n rrif ideg yella ttjur, ixxamen imeqqranen i yerran ɣer deffir, leǧnan ɣer tama : dinna ara tefhemem acu i teswa, yakan di lawan-nni, tansa ɣef ubulvar amaynut, akked wacimi ttjara n yixxamen teḍfer tagelzimt n wid iheddmen.

Asarag n Trocadéro

Seg usarag, tour Eiffel tettban-d s lekmal-is, seg Champ-de-Mars alamma d ixef-is : d abeddi n tewlafin n webrid, d amḍiq igerrzen i wakken ad d-nemmeslay ɣef tiddi d wamek i d-tettban. D win daɣen anda ara d-neḥku ɣef tebṛatt n uɛeṣṣi i d-yeffɣen deg Le Temps ass n 14 fuṛaṛ 1887, i ɣef zemlen sebɛa u ṛebɛin n yimyura d yinaẓuren mgal tour n tlata meyya n lmitrat, gar-asen Zola, Maupassant, Gounod, Dumas fils akked, d ayen yessaḍsan deg webrid-a, Charles Garnier s yiman-is, win i d-yerṣmen Opéra ara nwali deffir usrag.

Pont de l'Alma

Ɣer tsuffeɣt n tunel, Flamme de la Liberté d anɣal uṣlib, s nnḥas i ɣef yella wureɣ, n tin i teṭṭef statue de la Liberté deg New York : tlata n lmitrat d uzgen, i yettwaxelṣen s ujemmaɛ n yidrimen agraɣlan i d-yebdan i twinest n yiseggasen n uɣmis n wass s wass amerikani i d-yeffɣen deg Paris, i yettunefken i temdint n Paris d asnemmer imi d tikebbaniyin tifransisin i yerran statue ɣer lḥal-is, i yeldin ass n 10 mayu 1989. Ihi ur tettwabna ara i usmekti n Diana Spencer : d amḍiq-is kan i tt-yerran, seld 1997, d amkan n usmekti i d-yekkren weḥd-s, anda inerzaf mazal-iten srusun ijeǧǧigen. D abeddi wezzilen, d lemtel ɣef wamek Paris yeǧǧa imḍiqen-is imeqqranen ad ttwarran i wiyaḍ.

Taglizt n la Madeleine

Napoléon i tt-id-yessutren s useɣwen n 2 dujember 1806 d lmeɛbed n tmanegt n lɛeskeṛ n Fransa, ɣef lqaleb n lmeɛbed agrigi : tnin u xemsin n tgejda tikurintiyin i s-d-yezzin, ulac ṣṣlib deg uɣawas, ulac taɛrict n unaqus. Seld ṭṭrad n Rrus, yeǧǧa tikti-a ; Louis XVIII, imi ur yebɣi ara amḍiq ameqqran n lɛeskeṛ n Napoléon deg wammas n Paris, yerra-tt d amḍiq n usemmeḥ i usmekti n Louis XVI d Marie-Antoinette. Beṛṛa-s yeqqim d agrigi, lebni-nni ur yettwaqdes d taglizt alamma d ass n 9 tuber 1845. Ṛebɛa n yiseggasen mbeɛd, ass n 30 tuber 1849, tlata n walfen n yemdanen i yeččuren tazeqqa i sburren s uberkan i tmeḍlin n Chopin, s Marche funèbre-ines i yettwaheggan i tegnit-nni akked Requiem n Mozart.

Boulevard des Capucines d Opéra Garnier

Charles Garnier isellek Opéra-ines deg 1875, semmus n yiseggasen seld tuḍfin n ugellid ameqqran i t-id-yessutren ; ttɛawaden belli tagellidt Eugénie testeqsa-t d acu n uɣanib i yellan, netta yerra-yas-d belli d Napoléon III. Seg ubulvar, ad d-neḥku d acu i yexdem Garnier s waman i yufa mi yeɣza : deg umkan ad ten-id-yessuffeɣ i lebda, akken uɛerḍent tmacinin n dexxan mebla lfayda, yebna seddaw n usayes yiwen n uḥbu ur nsemmiḥ deg waman, xemsa u ɛecrin n lmitrat ɣef xemsin, yeǧǧa-t s lebɣi-s ad yeččar, i wakken ad yesɛeddel tussda n waman n ddaw tmurt yerna ad yesseɣles akal. D aḥbu-a i deg waman ttwaḥekmen, mačči d amda, i d-yefkan udem n tqessist i Gaston Leroux deg 1910. Ad d-neḥku daɣen ɣef ssqef i d-yesken Chagall ass n 23 ctenber 1964, snat meyya u ṛebɛin n lmitrat mrebbɛen i yessuter Malraux s tuffra, i d-yemmugren s umennuɣ : i wakken ad yeḥbes umennuɣ-nni, ssqef aqbur n Lenepveu yettwaḥrez seddaw-as, seddaw n yiferdisen i yezmer ad ttwakksen.

Place Vendôme

D asayas n ugellid i d-yerṣem Jules Hardouin-Mansart seg 1699 s yisem n place Louis-le-Grand : udmawen i d-yettwafeṛḍen ɣef wid akk i d-yuɣen, yiwen n usuneɣ kan, aɣanib akurintan ɣef leqɛa n ddaw s wedɣaɣ i d-yeffɣen, meyya u xemsin n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yerr Haussmann d lqanun i tmurt meṛṛa. Deg wammas, tagejdit n nnḥas i yettwaslen deg lmedafeɛ i d-yettwaṭṭfen deg Austerlitz. La Commune tefka lameṛ ad tettwahdem ass n 12 yebrir 1871, ɣef usumer n Félix Pyat, tesseɣli-tt ass n 16 mayu ; amsuneɣ Courbet, i d-ikecmen ɣer useqqamu ala ass n 16 yebrir, ur yeḥḍir ara ass-nni, d nettan i ɣef ḥasben. Ṛran ad tt-id-bnun daɣen deg 1873, kemmlen-tt deg 1875, fkan-as-d lefaṭṛa ass n 4 mayu 1877 : tlata meyya u tlata u ɛecrin n walfen d waḥed u tesɛin n ifranken d tmanya u settin n ṣṣnaṭem, ad ten-ixelleṣ deg tlata u tlatin n lexlaṣat n useggas, yal wa s ɛecra n walfen n ifranken, seg 1 yennayer 1878. Yettwanfa ɣer Swis, yemmut ass n 31 dujember 1877, iḍ uqbel lexlaṣ amezwaru. Deg wuṭṭun 12, Chopin yemmut deg 1849 ; lǧetttta-s temmeḍlel deg Père-Lachaise, ul-is deg Varsovie, tewwi-t weltma-s deg tbuqalt n lkuḥul.

Deg tilawt

Akud: Azal n 2 h 30, ula d ibeddiyen
Aswir: Afessas ɣef lǧetttta : abrid war asawen n wazal n ṛbeɛṭac n yikilumitren, ula d ṛṛuḥ d tuɣalin ɣer wemkan anda tzedɣem, teɣzi tuṣlibt ad tettwasentem s tira. Ilaq ad tessnem ad tnehṛem avilu yerna ad tilim deg talwit deg usikel n Paris, imi abrid yettɛeddi ɣef tzniqin d yiberdan imeqqranen anda yettazzal usikel. Deg tazwara, ad tennumem s uvilu yerna ad d-yili usmekti n tɣellist.
Tuffɣa: Amkan anda tzedɣem deg Paris, asensu neɣ tanezduɣt ; tuffɣa d tuɣalin deg yiwen n wemḍiq, imi iberdan imeqqranen n Haussmann nettaweḍ-iten seg din ; asrag d wemḍiq n temlilit n tidet ad awen-ten-nsentem s tira uqbel ad yili lexlaṣ
Agraw: 5 n yemttekkiyen d afellay i yal amwanes ; ma llan ugar n semmus, nezmer ad neheggi agraw wis sin deg yiwen n wakud, s wakken ara nili nezmer ; ma yezmer ad yili d ssuma-s ad awen-d-nsentem s tira
Tutlayin: Tafransist neɣ taglizit, ad tt-id-tesbedrem deg tuttra-nwen

Aṭṭaf n umkan d tuttra, mačči d aṭṭaf n umkan yeṭṭfen : ad awen-d-nsentem s tira ma yezmer ad yili, ass, amḍiq n temlilit d ssuma taneggarut uqbel ad yili lexlaṣ. Ssumat yettwamlen i yal amdan, s tebzert meṛṛa, deg-sent aseqdec n uvilu s tallalt n trisiti d ukask. Ulac akcam s lexlaṣ, ulac tirza n daxel : tiqsiḍin ttwaḥkunt seg tzniqt, seg usarag neɣ seg tqenṭert.

Isteqsiyen i d-yettuɣalen ɣef tikli-a

Ilaq ad tesnem taɣessa n lebni ?

Ala. Amwanes yetteddu seg wayen i twalam s wallen-nwen : aɛlay n wudmawen, aseddi n yibalkunen, arsam n yiberdan imeqqranen, amḍiq i yeǧǧa wedɣaɣ i yigenni. Ulac awal atiknikan ilaqen, yerna isteqsiyen ttwaqeblen deg yal abeddi.

Nkeccem ɣer daxel n Opéra Garnier neɣ ɣer wemḍiq ameqqran ?

Ala. Abrid yettɛeddi zdat lebni, tiqsiḍin ttwaḥkunt seg ubulvar, seg rrif n webrid, seg usarag neɣ seg tqenṭert. Ssuma ur tesɛi ara deg-s akcam s lexlaṣ, ur tesɛi tirza n daxel, ur tesɛi učči neɣ tissit ɣer yiwen nniḍen. Ma tebɣam ad terzum ɣer Opéra neɣ ɣer la Madeleine, amwanes ad awen-d-yini amek ara txedmem aya mbeɛd, deg wakud-nwen ilelli, s yidrimen-nwen.

Anwa aswir n uvilu i ilaqen ?

Ilaq ad tessnem ad tnehṛem avilu yerna ad tilim deg talwit deg usikel n Paris : abrid yettɛeddi ɣef tzniqin d yiberdan imeqqranen anda yettazzal usikel, s yimyagaren imeqqranen n yiberdan d wanda ilaq ad tzegrem abrid s leqrar. Abrid d azal n ṛbeɛṭac n yikilumitren war asawen, ula d ṛṛuḥ d tuɣalin ɣer wemḍiq n temlilit, yerna tallalt n trisiti tettawi leɛtab. Deg tazwara, ad tesɛum kra n tesdatin i wakken ad tennumem s uvilu, ad d-yili usmekti n tɣellist, leɛqel yettwaheyya ɣef ugraw.

Acḥal i teswa tikli ?

Ssuma yettwamlen d 65 n yiyuruten i yal amdan s tebzert meṛṛa deg tikli yebḍan, d 80 n yiyuruten i yal amdan s tebzert meṛṛa deg tikli tuslig, avilu n trisiti d ukask deg-s. Ssuma taneggarut ad awen-d-tettwasentem s tira uqbel ad yili lexlaṣ. Ulac akcam ɣer yimḍiqen imeqqranen, ulac učči neɣ tissit deg ssuma.

Amek i iteddu uṭṭaf n umkan ?

Ad taznem-aɣ-d tuttra s wass, s ubrid akked wuṭṭun n yemttekkiyen. Tuttra-a mačči d aṭṭaf n umkan yeṭṭfen, ulac ayen ara txellṣem deg wakud-a : ad awen-d-nsentem s tira asrag, amḍiq n temlilit, amek ara yili ugraw d ssuma taneggarut, asentem-a s tira yezwar lexlaṣ. Tiwtilin timatutin n uzenzi, tiwtilin n usefsex akked tsureft ɣef uzref n tuɣalin deg wawal n umagrad L. 221-28, 12° n Code de la consommation, ad tent-id-tafem seg tferkit n tuttra.

Tikliwin nniḍen

Semmus n tegrawliwin deg tmanin n yiseggasen, seg Bastille ɣer mur des Fédérés 1789, 1792, 1830, 1848, 1871 : cwiṭ ugar n tmanin n yiseggasen n yiɣerban n webrid, n ccṛeɛ d tiyita n rrṣaṣ, gar place de la Bastille d mur des Fédérés n Père-Lachaise. Azal n tlata n yisragen d uzgen ɣef uvilu s tallalt n trisiti deg ugraw amecṭuḥ, deg-sen azal n tlatin n tesdatin s uḍar deg yiberdan n usmeḍel, s umwanes ara d-yeḥkun ayen ur d-qqaren ara yiblaḍen n webrid. Rrif azelmaḍ n yimyura, seg île Saint-Louis ɣer Saint-Germain-des-Prés Sebɛa n yibeddiyen gar île Saint-Louis d tzniqin n Saint-Germain-des-Prés, anda i nnejṛen, uran, swan aṭas n lqahwa yerna rran-d ddunit s ṣṣut ɛlayen. Azal n tlata n yisragen ɣef uvilu s tallalt n trisiti deg ugraw amecṭuḥ, s westeɛfu deg tlemmast n webrid ; ayen ara teswem neɣ ara teččem dinna, d kunwi ara t-yexellṣen. Paris n yinaẓuren : Montmartre d Pigalle ɣef uvilu n trisiti, deg ugraw amecṭuḥ Ṛebɛa n yisragen i wakken ad d-nali tawrirt n lweṛcat d yixxamen n ccna, seg boulevard de Clichy d Rochechouart ɣer tẓurin n Clos Montmartre, s umwanes yessnen tiqsiḍin i yellan deffir n wudmawen. Tallalt n trisiti ad tawi asawen, ma d amur yeṣɛeb akk, ad t-nexdem s uḍar, ivila beddan ddaw.