Semmus n tegrawliwin deg tmanyin n yiseggasen, seg Bastille ɣer Mur des Fédérés

1789, 1792, 1830, 1848, 1871 : tmanyin n yiseggasen d kra n yibaṛikaḍen, n ccṛeɛ d rrṣaṣ, gar place de la Bastille d Mur des Fédérés n Père-Lachaise. Azal n kraḍ n yisragen d uzgen ɣef uvilu s tallalt n trisiti deg ugraw amecṭuḥ, deg-sen azal n tlatin n tesdidin s uḍar deg yiberdan n tmeqbert, akked umwanes i d-iḥekkun ayen ur d-qqaren ara tura yiblaḍen n ubrid.

Ṭṭfet amkan i tikli-a Isallen ibaɣuren Wali ssumat

Paris tga semmus n tegrawliwin deg tmanyin n yiseggasen d kra : 1789, 1792, 1830, 1848 d 1871. Ur ḍrant ara akk deg yiwen n wemkan. La Bastille, l'Hôtel de Ville, la Conciergerie, la Concorde, le Père-Lachaise : semmus n yimukan yemfaraqen seg yixef ɣer wayeḍ n temdint, ɣezzif ubrid gar-asen s uḍar. Avilu s tallalt n trisiti ad yefru ugur-agi. Nteddu s leɛqel yelhan, nḥebbes ddaw n yiwdmawen, nkemmel abrid war ma nesṛuḥ ɛecrin n tesdidin ddaw tmurt. Abrid yerked, ur d-yettali ara deg tugett n ubrid, tuli n ṣṣeḥ kan d tin n Père-Lachaise, u tallalt n trisiti tettawi tugett n leɛtab. Ḥesbet azal n 16 n yikilumitren, kra deg-sen deg yizenqan anda tteddun tkeṛṛusin.

Mačči d tamsirt n umezruy n Fransa. D azrar n yimukan anda yimdanen, deg kra n yisragen, ferrnen ad beddlen anagraw, anda wiyaḍ xelṣen fell-as. Ad twalim lǧerra n tqelɛet yettwarsemen deg yiblaḍen, udem n lebni i sseṛɣen wid n La Commune wala ad t-rren i wiyaḍ, leḥyuḍ n lḥebs anda tessɛedda yiwet n tgellidt 76 n wussan-is ineggura, d wemkan anda gezmen iqerra n wugar n 1000 n yemdanen s tgiyutint deg kra n wagguren uqbel ad sbedden dinna abilisk. Kullec yettwaḥkay seg uzniq, seg rrif n wasif, seg tqenṭert neɣ seg usarag : ulac daxel, ulac anekcum s lexlaṣ, ulac ayen ara teswem neɣ ara teččem i yellan deg ssuma, u taxxamt n lḥebs n Conciergerie tettwarza weḥd-s, ma tebɣam kunwi, ɣef leḥsab-nwen. Gar yiḥbasen, nteddu ɣef rrif n Seine, n Louvre d Tuileries, anda yeɣli unagraw agelliday ass n 10 Ɣuct 1792 : d abrid kan i nteddu, mačči d aḥbas.

Tikli tettwaṭṭaf d tikli yebḍan, anda ara ternum ɣer ugraw amecṭuḥ, neɣ d tikli tuslig i kunwi kan. Ssumat d timeskanin, s tebzarin meṛṛa : deg tikli yebḍan, 90 euros i yal amdan ; deg tikli tuslig, 110 euros i yal amdan. Deg yal addad, mačči d ssuma tummidt i ugraw. Avilu s tallalt n trisiti d ukask llan deg ssuma. Ssuma taneggarut, azemz d wemkan n temlilit ad awen-ten-nsentem s tira uqbel yal lexlaṣ, u tuttra-nwen mazal ur telli d aṭṭaf n umkan yeṭṭfen. Yal agraw ur yesɛi ara ugar n semmus n yemttekkiyen i yal amwanes. Ma yella ugar n semmus n yemttekkiyen, nezmer ad nsuddes agraw wis sin deg wakud-nni kan, akken ara tili tezmert-nneɣ ; ma yezmer ad yeḍru d ssuma-ines ad awen-ten-nsentem s tira. Tikli tebdu seg wemkan anda tzedɣem deg Paris, tfakk zdat n tewwurt n Père-Lachaise, deg tmnaḍt tis 20, anda ara terrem avilu d ukask i umwanes.

Deg ubrid

Semmus n tegrawliwin deg tmanyin n yiseggasen, seg Bastille ɣer Mur des Fédérés

Place de la Bastille

Ulac Bastille tura : hudden-tt aẓru s weẓru seld 14 Yulyu 1789, ur d-yegri seg tqelɛet ala lǧerra yettwarsemen deg yiblaḍen, i ilaq ad tnadim cwiṭ. Ass mi tt-ṭṭfen, llan deg-s sa n yimeḥbas : kkuẓ n yimeskiddiben n tira, sin n yergazen i qqnen ɣef ddemma n waṭṭan n lɛeqel, akked ukund n Solages, yettwaḥbes s tuttra n twacult-is s timmad-is. Sa n yimeḥbas kan i yiwet n tqelɛet i yuɣalen d azamul n lbaṭel. Tigejdit n 47 n lmitrat i yebedden deg tlemmast n wemkan ur d-tesmektay ara 1789 : tettwabna gar 1835 d 1840, teldi ass n 28 Yulyu 1840, tesmektay-d Trois Glorieuses n Yulyu 1830, ismawen-nsen ttwangaren fell-as, u ddaw ssasa-ines i llan lǧettat n 504 n yemdanen i yemmuten. Amgired-agi yesseɣlaḍ qrib yal yiwen.

Hôtel de Ville

Lebni i yellan zdat-wen mačči d win n tegrawliwin : wid n La Commune sseṛɣen-t ussan n 23 d 24 Mayyu 1871, yettwabna i sin deg yiseggasen i d-yeḍfren, udem-is n Renaissance yettwaxdem am akken yella, teldi tewwurt-is deg 1882, ma d aẓewweq n daxel yekka armi d iseggasen n 1890. Azemmem n uɣerman n Paris uqbel 1860 iṛuḥ deg tmes-agi akked deg tin n Palais de Justice, anda yettwaḥrez lemsel wis sin n yidlisen n uzemmem : azal n 8 imelyunen n tirawin ruḥen d dexxan, u asbedd n tikkelt-nniḍen i d-yumeṛ usaḍuf n 12 Fuṛaṛ 1872 ur d-yerri ala azal n 3 imelyunen, d ayen i d-yemmalen acuɣer yewɛeṛ ad d-naf lejdud n Paris n lqeṛn wis 19. Deg wemkan-agi i tettwafṣel taluft deg yal ahuzzu. Ass n 31 Yulyu 1830, Lafayette yeddem Louis-Philippe ger yiɣallen-is deg ubalkun, yefka agellid i Fransa. Ass n 25 Fuṛaṛ 1848, Lamartine yugi dinna anay azeggaɣ, isellek anay n kraḍ n yiniten. Ass n 4 Ctembeṛ 1870, Gambetta iberreḥ dinna Tagduda. Ass n 28 Meɣres 1871, La Commune tettwaberreḥ dinna zdat lɣaci : tekka 72 n wussan, seg 18 Meɣres armi d 28 Mayyu.

Conciergerie, seg rrif n wasif d tqenṭert

D lqeṣṛ aqbur n yigelliden n Fransa, isnerna-t Philippe le Bel, yuɣal d lḥebs d taxxamt n uṛaǧu zdat Tribunal révolutionnaire. Marie-Antoinette tessɛedda dinna 76 n wussan-is ineggura, seg 2 Ɣuct armi d 16 Tuber 1793, deg yiwet n texxamt n lḥebs tebzeg, ttɛassan-tt sin n yiɛessasen iḍ d wass ; taxxamt i d-sskanayen ass-a s daxel d tin i d-bnan i sin, imi amkan n ṣṣeḥ n texxamt-nni yuɣal d takniset deg 1815. Robespierre yettwawi ɣer dinna mi t-ṭṭfen deg yiḍ n 9 ɣer 10 thermidor, yeffeɣ syin ass n 28 Yulyu 1794, ass-nni kan, ɣer lgiyutin : tikeṛṛusin ffɣent seg wefrag n lqeṣṛ ɣef 16 h 30. Awal-nni ɣef brioche mačči d ines, yella yettwaḥkay uqbel-is, ur as-t-fkin ara ala aṭas n yiseggasen ɣer zdat. Qqaren-as, mi terkeḍ aḍar n win ara tt-yenɣen : « Semmḥ-iyi a Sidi, ur t-xdimeɣ ara s leqṣed. » Aḥkay yettili seg rrif n wasif d tqenṭert ; daxel ur d-yettban ara ala ma txelṣem anekcum, ur nelli ara deg ssuma.

Place de la Concorde

Zik isem-is place de la Révolution. Louis XVI yettwanɣa dinna ass n 21 Yennayer 1793, Marie-Antoinette ass n 16 Tuber i d-yeḍfren, syin Danton, d Robespierre ass n 28 Yulyu 1794. Qqaren-as i Madame Roland, uqbel ad tali ɣer lgiyutin : « A tilelli, acḥal n leǧnayat i xeddmen s yisem-im ! » Ugar n 1000 n yemdanen i ttwagezmen s tgiyutint deg kra n wagguren, deg wemkan-nni s timmad-is anda ttarran ass-a tiwlafin zdat ubilisk n Louxor. Yefka-t-id Méhémet Ali d tarzeft deg 1830, yewweḍ ɣer Paris ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1833, ur d-ibedd ara ala ass n 25 Tuber 1836, zdat waṭas n lɣaci : qrib kraḍ n yiseggasen gar rrif n wasif d wemkan anda ibedd, axeddim yekka lweqt ugar n rreḥla.

Mur des Fédérés, deg Père-Lachaise

Ass n 28 Mayyu 1871, seld waṭas n wussan n yimenɣan gar yiẓekwan, imenɣiyen ineggura n La Commune ttwanɣan s rrṣaṣ ɣef uɣrab-agi i d-yezzin i tmeqbert, ḍeggren-ten deg yiwet n tesraft ddaw-as ; amḍan i d-yeqqimen ger medden d 147. Ɣef Semaine sanglante meṛṛa, leḥsab n yimezruyanen iteddu seg azal n 6 000 armi d 20 000 n wid yemmuten, u mazal ur tefri ara taluft-agi. Yal aseggas, seg 1880, ttnejmaɛen zdat uɣrab, 1880 d azemz n temlilit tamezwarut, i yesmunen ass-nni imrawen n yigimen n yemdanen sin wagguren uqbel ssmaḥ i wid n La Commune. Tameqbert d ayla n Tɣiwant n Paris, alugen-is igdel ivila s daxel, ɣas ma tewwim-ten s ufus : ivila ttɣimin ccudden s beṛṛa, war aɛessas, ma d aḥric-agi aneggaru yettwazger s uḍar, ɣef yiberdan i d-yettalin deg kra n yimukan. Anekcum, isragen d tikli deg yiberdan d Taɣiwant i ten-iferrun, u abrid yettwaheggi ass-nni.

Deg tilawt

Akud: Azal n 3 h 30, s yiḥbasen, deg-sen azal n tlatin n tesdidin s uḍar deg Père-Lachaise ; azal n 16 km
Aswir: Afessas : abrid yeshel, tallalt n trisiti tettawi tugett n leɛtab, ula deg tuli ɣer Père-Lachaise. Ilaq ad tessnem ad tnehṛem avilu, ad tilim di laman deg tikli n tkeṛṛusin n Paris, imi abrid yetteddu deg yizenqan anda tteddun tkeṛṛusin ; iberdan n tmeqbert ttwazgaren s uḍar, ttalin deg kra n yimukan. Tiwtilin n uttekki, gar-asent leɛmeṛ adday, ad d-ttwafessrent deg waṭṭaf n umkan
Tuffɣa: Tuffɣa seg wemkan anda tzedɣem deg Paris, asensu neɣ tanezduɣt, tawwaḍt zdat n tewwurt n Père-Lachaise deg tmnaḍt tis 20, anda ara yettwarr uvilu d ukask i umwanes ; tansa tuṣliṭ n temlilit ad awen-tt-nsentem s tira deg waṭṭaf n umkan
Agraw: 5 yemttekkiyen d afellay i yal amwanes ; ma yella ugar n semmus, nezmer ad nsuddes agraw wis sin deg wakud-nni kan, akken ara tili tezmert-nneɣ ; ma yezmer ad yeḍru d ssuma-ines ad awen-ten-nsentem s tira
Tutlayin: Tafṛansist neɣ taglizit, ad tt-tinim deg waṭṭaf n umkan

Aṭṭaf n umkan d tuttra, mačči d aṭṭaf n umkan yeṭṭfen : ad awen-nsentem s tira ma yezmer ad yeḍru, azemz, amkan n temlilit d ssuma taneggarut uqbel yal lexlaṣ. Ssumat d timeskanin i yal amdan, s tebzarin meṛṛa, deg-sent aseqdec n uvilu s tallalt n trisiti d ukask. Ulac anekcum s lexlaṣ, ulac tirza n daxel : iḥkayen ttwaḥkun seg uzniq, seg usarag neɣ seg tqenṭert.

Isteqsiyen ittuɣalen ɣef tikli-a

Ilaq ad tesɛum tamusni deg umezruy akken ad teṭṭafarem ?

Ala. Kullec yettwaḥkay dinna, u amwanes yettarra awal-is ɣef yisteqsiyen n ugraw. Ma tessnem yakan 1789, mazal 1792, 1830, 1848 d 1871, i nettu s waṭas ugar. Abrid iteddu s wamek llan yimukan deg temdint, mačči s umyezwer n yizemzan : yal amkan ad t-nerr deg umkan-is deg umezruy mi ara neḥbes dinna.

Abrid yewɛeṛ s uvilu ?

Ḥesbet azal n 16 n yikilumitren. Abrid yetteddu, akken yezmer, deg yiberdan n yivila d yizenqan ihedden, maca yettɛeddi daɣen deg yizenqan anda tteddun tkeṛṛusin : ilaq ad tessnem ad tnehṛem avilu, ad tilim di laman deg tikli n tkeṛṛusin n Paris. Tuli n ṣṣeḥ kan, ɣer Père-Lachaise, tettawi-tt tallalt n trisiti. Kra n tesdidin n usissen s uvilu ttwaheggant deg tuffɣa, u leɛqel yettwaseggem ɣef ugraw, mačči d agraw ara yeddun ɣef leɛqel.

Nkeccem ɣer yimḍiqen imeqqranen ?

Ala. Ssuma ur tesɛi ara deg-s anekcum s lexlaṣ, ur tesɛi daxel, ur tesɛi ayen ara teswem neɣ ara teččem : iḥkayen ttilin seg uzniq, seg rrif n wasif, seg tqenṭert neɣ seg usarag, ula zdat Conciergerie, i deg taxxamt n lḥebs ur d-tettban ara ala ma txelṣem anekcum. Deg Père-Lachaise, alugen n tmeqbriwin n Paris igdel ivila s daxel, ɣas ma tewwim-ten s ufus : ivila ttɣimin ccudden s beṛṛa, war aɛessas, ma d tameqbert tettwazger s uḍar, deg wakud d tewtilin n unekcum i tessbadu Tɣiwant n Paris. Ulac ayen ara wen-yeṭṭfen ad d-tuɣalem sya ɣer zdat ad twalim s wallen-nwen ayen i wen-yeɛǧeben.

Anda tfakk tikli ?

Zdat n tewwurt n Père-Lachaise, deg tmnaḍt tis 20, anda ara terrem avilu d ukask i umwanes deg taggara n uḥbas. Ma d tuffɣa, tettili seg wemkan anda tzedɣem deg Paris : ihi mačči d abrid i d-yettuɣalen ɣer wanda yebda. Ma tebɣam ad tuɣalem ɣer wemkan n tuffɣa, init-t-id deg tuttra-nwen : ayagi yerna azal n tẓa n yikilumitren d usrag, ad nwali ma yezmer ad yeḍru, ad awen-d-nerr s tira s ssuma-ines.

Amek i yettili waṭṭaf n umkan ?

Ad aɣ-d-tinim azemz, abrid d umḍan n yemttekkiyen : tuttra-nwen mazal ur telli d aṭṭaf n umkan yeṭṭfen. Ad awen-d-nuɣal s wakud, s wemkan n temlilit d ssuma tuṣliṭ s tebzarin meṛṛa, i wen-nsentem s tira uqbel yal lexlaṣ. Imi tikli tettili deg wazemz i nemsefham fell-as, ur tesɛi ara azref n usefsex n 14 n wussan (amagrad L. 221-28, 12° n Code de la consommation). Tiwtilin-nneɣ timatutin n uzenzi, i d-yemmalen gar wayen-nniḍen amsefru n umgerrad i yimsaɣen, nezmer ad tent-naf seg uḍar n usebter.

Tikliwin nniḍen

Rrif azelmaḍ n yimyura, seg île Saint-Louis ɣer Saint-Germain-des-Prés Sa n yiḥbasen gar île Saint-Louis d yizenqan n Saint-Germain-des-Prés, anda ttneqqcen, ttarun, sswan aṭas n lqahwa, ttarran ddunit d tajdiṭ s ṣṣut ɛlayen. Azal n kraḍ n yisragen ɣef uvilu s tallalt n trisiti deg ugraw amecṭuḥ, s useḥbes deg tlemmast n ubrid anda ayen ara teswem neɣ ara teččem yeqqim ɣef leḥsab-nwen. Paris n yinaẓuren : Montmartre d Pigalle ɣef uvilu n trisiti, deg ugraw amecṭuḥ Kkuẓ n yisragen akken ad d-nali tawrirt n texxamin n yinaẓuren d yikabaṛen, seg boulevards n Clichy d Rochechouart ɣer tfeṛṛant n Clos Montmartre, akked umwanes yessnen tiqsiḍin i yellan deffir n yiwdmawen. Tallalt n trisiti tettawi tiwririn, ma d aḥric yeṣɛeb akk yettwazger s uḍar, ivila ttwarran s wadda. Paris ur nettwassen ara : iberdan yettwaɣummen, Belleville d Père-Lachaise ɣef uvilu n trisiti Kkuẓ n yisragen deg Paris ur nettwali ara seg yiberdan imeqqranen : iberdan s uǧaǧ n tazwara n lqeṛn wis 19, tibbura n waman n Canal Saint-Martin, tamuɣli n Belleville d yiberdan n Père-Lachaise. D tikli s umwanes i wid i d-yettuɣalen ɣer Paris, akked at Paris yebɣan ad issinen tamdint-nsen.

Semmus n tegrawliwin deg tmanyin n yiseggasen, seg Bastille ɣer Mur des Fédérés

Place de la Bastille

Hôtel de Ville

Conciergerie, seg rrif n wasif d tqenṭert

Place de la Concorde

Mur des Fédérés, deg Père-Lachaise

Ssutret amkan